Polaroid Essay examples -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

PolaroidIn March 1996, Ralph Norwood, treasurer of Polaroid Corporation, was asked to consider refinancing proposals from investment bankers of $cl million of debt due to mature in January 1997. Gary DiCamillo, freshly appointed CEO of the firm,in reaction to the companys lagging share price, had set forth a new visualize to agressively expoit the existing Polaroid brand, introduce product extensions, and enter new emerging markets. Before Norwood can choose a refinancing proposal, he must consider the funding involve of DiCamillos new corporate strategy and the capital structure which would provide the lowest cost of capital and most financial flexibility. Norwood also needed to consider the maturity date structure of debt.COMPANY PROFILENature of productPolaroid Corporation has been engaged primarily in the business of designing, manufacturing, and selling consequence photographic imaging products worldwide. Since 1948, this flush has led them to develop minute black-and-whi te motion picture in 1954, instant color film in 1960, and the SX-70 camera in 1972 which no longer essential users to coat the developing picture. However, most revenues generated from the instant photography market were not through camera sales. Cameras were often sold on low margins to encourage film sales. By increasing the base of instant camera users the company increased file sales, its primary margin product. However, the advent of digital photography in the nineties threatened to erode Polaroids base of instant film camera users.Demand for Instant Photographic ServicesIn the consumer market, demand for film on newly purchased cameras tended to be highest and then tappered off to somewhat predictable patterns. Therefore film demand often correlated to camera sales. In the commercial market, demand was derived from instant photography for indentification purposes such as I.D. badges, as well as various applications in medicine and law enforcement.The market for instant fi lm photography in the U.S. had matured. Sales in 1994 and 1995 had fallen 2 percent and 12 percent respectively. International sales, on the other hand, offered strong growth potential. With rising standards of living and no infrastructure to process 35 mm film in many emerging market countries, there was a large untapped market for instant photography. Polaroids cameras were in high demand. Growth in int... ...over, the companys EBIT reportage ratio would shift downward.If Norwood, were to reduce the companys debt requirement to under $690.47, Polaroid would maintain its investment-grade bond rating and benefit not only from a lower cost of debt, but also from a lower cost of total captial as shown in Appendix B. In addition, Polaroids EBIT would stay above 2 over the next 5 years.Norwood could also raise the bond rating to A if he were to reduce the required debt quantity to $574.47 million. At this level of debt, the companys EBIT coverage ratio would shift upward even more a nd remain above 4 over the next 5 years. Yet, lowering the amount of debt used would also raise the companys WACC.RECOMMENDATIONSNorwood should choose to maintain the companys current bond rating of BBB. Allowing Polaroids bond rating to drop to BB could not only cause rail at to the firms brand name, but it would also increase the companys total cost of capital. Polaroids current level of debt financing surpasses the benefits of debt. Although it increases the companys credit worthiness as measured by their EBIT coverage ratio, it also raises their WACC do to the increased risk of default.

Movie Review :: essays research papers

Michelle hears some noises in the home base, afterward a while see finds out that its a missing girl, the girl is severe to get r even soge for her death. First off, I would like to say that Michelle Phieffer is colossal in this movie she carries her character strongly from protrude to finish. And unfortunately The movie opens with Pfeiffer and interbreeding taking their daughter to college, thus leaving them alone in their house for the first time since they were married. The daughter is actually the product of Pfeiffers first wedlock to a musician who without delay dead (by what means I cant remember, nor does it matter). Ford is a successful research scientist at a university in New England as was his even more famous father. He is on the verge of finishing a major paper, which requires him to spend endless hours at the office, leaving Pfeiffer alone in their big home. It is a mystery, as a bored Pfeiffer spies on her new neighbors, a ragd couple who fight a lot. Around the same time that the next-room access wife seemingly disappears, Pfeiffer starts experiencing poltergeist-like activity in her house. Doors wont stay shut, photos fall from ledges, and finally she starts eyesight the image of a pretty blonde woman in reflections in fogged-up mirror and in the water of a full bathtub. Pfeiffer and Ford have a good and believable chemistry, and there are some genuine thrills generated when Pfeiffer is alone in the house. Anyway, eventually Pfeiffer discovers that in fact the next-door neighbors wife is breathing and well. Except for one small thing, the blonde ghost is still causing trouble in the house. Pfeiffer begins to see a psychiatrist (the always reliable Joe Morton), accept that maybe shes suffering from some kind of empty-nest syndrome, but she soon existentizes that the ghost is real and she sets out to find out who she is and why shes bugging her. ConclusionAs tomahawk Harry said the story starts out with Pfeiffers daughter from a p revious marriage going off to college. Shes dealing with the whole empty-nest syndrome, when the new neighbors next door start fighting, and the wife disappears. Pfeiffer is convinced that hes murdered her and starts spying on the husband who is now living alone in the house. Shortly after strange things start happening around the Pfeiffer-Ford house. You know, your usual haunting type activities like doors opening on their own, pictures falling off tables, radios switching on at full blast, bathtubs woof by themselves, yadda, yadda, yadda.Movie Review essays research papers Michelle hears some noises in the house, after a while see finds out that its a missing girl, the girl is trying to get revenge for her death. First off, I would like to say that Michelle Phieffer is great in this movie she carries her character strongly from start to finish. And unfortunately The movie opens with Pfeiffer and Ford taking their daughter to college, thus leaving them alone in their house for the first time since they were married. The daughter is actually the product of Pfeiffers first marriage to a musician who now dead (by what means I cant remember, nor does it matter). Ford is a successful research scientist at a university in New England as was his even more famous father. He is on the verge of finishing a major paper, which requires him to spend endless hours at the office, leaving Pfeiffer alone in their vast home. It is a mystery, as a bored Pfeiffer spies on her new neighbors, a troubled couple who fight a lot. Around the same time that the next-door wife seemingly disappears, Pfeiffer starts experiencing poltergeist-like activity in her house. Doors wont stay shut, photos fall from ledges, and finally she starts seeing the image of a pretty blonde woman in reflections in fogged-up mirror and in the water of a full bathtub. Pfeiffer and Ford have a good and believable chemistry, and there are some genuine thrills generated when Pfeiffer is alone in the house. A nyway, eventually Pfeiffer discovers that in fact the next-door neighbors wife is alive and well. Except for one small thing, the blonde ghost is still causing trouble in the house. Pfeiffer begins to see a psychiatrist (the always reliable Joe Morton), believing that maybe shes suffering from some kind of empty-nest syndrome, but she soon realizes that the ghost is real and she sets out to find out who she is and why shes bugging her. ConclusionAs Hatchet Harry said the story starts out with Pfeiffers daughter from a previous marriage going off to college. Shes dealing with the whole empty-nest syndrome, when the new neighbors next door start fighting, and the wife disappears. Pfeiffer is convinced that hes murdered her and starts spying on the husband who is now living alone in the house. Shortly after strange things start happening around the Pfeiffer-Ford house. You know, your usual haunting type activities like doors opening on their own, pictures falling off tables, radios swi tching on at full blast, bathtubs filling by themselves, yadda, yadda, yadda.

Just War Theory :: Free Essay Writer

Just War TheoryQuestions About The War I phone the just war tradition is a great way to rate if a war is really worth fighting or is it really not worth fighting. For the first law Just Cause, yes I would say that we as the United States have just cause to end the terrorist attacks because it is really starting to demand out of hand. The Second law Comparative Justice yes I would say that we have comparative justice because we have definitely suffered more than Afghanistan because we have missed many more people in their attacks than they have in any of our attacks. The Third Law Legitimate Authority is definitely being used in our unpolished to begin our war against terrorism. Our highest rank is the president and he is the one that did declare war against terrorism. The Fourth Law Right Intention, yes I do hold that right intention is being used because they killed 4500 of our citizens and all we are doing is wiping out terrorism not necessarily killing any people. We as a country just want to out do the terrorist actions and bring peace to all countries. The Fifth Law Probability of Success, yes I think that the probability of success is great than the probability of success for the terrorists. The probability of success against terrorism is greater to prevail because the United States and Britain are just taking the initial step and if any intimacy goes wrong the United States has 90% of the other countries around the world to help us if we need them. The Sixth Law Proportionality is being put in effect that they keep the civilian casualties down to a minimum because that is not the purpose of the war and after the war the will have out through with(p) evil and the good and peaceful will prevail.

Comparing Joyce’s Ulysses and T.S. Eliot’s Love Song of J. Alfred Prufr

Comparing Joyces Ulysses and T.S. Eliots venerate Song of J. Alfred PrufrockIn Episode 8 of Ulysses, Joyce sends Bloom and the reader by a gauntlet of food that enlarges one of the novels main lingual strategies, that of gradual digestion. While Episode 10 may seem equal a more(prenominal) appropriate choice for a spatial representation of the city, this installing maps digestion out like Bloom wanders the streets of Dublin, with thoughts entering foremost through the remains and exiting them. In T.S. Eliots poem The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, the stanzas deescalate the city from skyline to sea-bottom in accordance with the mock-heros own inability digest thoroughly some(prenominal) complete thought exclusively the way through. Bloom describes the process of eating with reality appropriate to the task And we stuffing food in one passel and out behind food, chyle, blood, dung, earth good have to feed it like stoking an engine (144-5). Indeed, this is the path words t ake in the novel they begin in a pure form, as written on a page (such as Marthas Are you non happy in your home you misfortunate little naughty boy? which, despite its impure implications, is at least glum ink on white paper) and filters into every stage of Blooms journey (as in Episode 8, 137). The gradual digestion of words fits with another of Marthas lines, the typographic error I called you naughty darling because I do not like that other world (131). These words become worlds, carving out a space as they travel throughout Dublin with Bloom. Bloom tosses the notice into the Liffey, and its words sail down not only the river, but alongside Bloom, cause him trouble and marking him as a throwaway himself. Words lots hint at their own creation or foreshadow another... ...urface giddiness of mermaids singing, each(prenominal) to each. Our paralysis in reading Prufrock, from stanzaic symmetries (And would it have been worth it, after all/That is not is, at all, used twice wi th minor variations) that indicate Prufrocks stalled fill to the anatomization of pluralized body parts (eyes/arms) that rest heavily on a local item while emphasizing its multitude and power, Disturbs the universe as much as Prufrocks own perambulations do, that is, not at all. He only sinks further down, drowning not only in other human voices but, more importantly, in his own constipation. Works CitedEliot, T. S.. The Love Song of Alfred J. Prufrock. Making writings Matter An Anthology for Readers and Writers. 2nd Ed. Schlib & Clifford. Boston Bedford, 2003. 851-855.Joyce, James. The Portable James Joyce, New York Penguin Books, 1996 Comparing Joyces Ulysses and T.S. Eliots Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrComparing Joyces Ulysses and T.S. Eliots Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrockIn Episode 8 of Ulysses, Joyce sends Bloom and the reader through a gauntlet of food that enlarges one of the novels main linguistic strategies, that of gradual digestion. While Episode 10 may s eem like a more appropriate choice for a spatial representation of the city, this episode maps digestion out like Bloom wanders the streets of Dublin, with thoughts entering foremost through the body and exiting them. In T.S. Eliots poem The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, the stanzas deescalate the city from skyline to sea-bottom in accordance with the mock-heros own inability digest thoroughly any complete thought all the way through. Bloom describes the process of eating with realism appropriate to the task And we stuffing food in one hole and out behind food, chyle, blood, dung, earth good have to feed it like stoking an engine (144-5). Indeed, this is the path words take in the novel they begin in a pure form, as written on a page (such as Marthas Are you not happy in your home you poor little naughty boy? which, despite its impure implications, is at least black ink on white paper) and filters into every stage of Blooms journey (as in Episode 8, 137). The gradual digestion of words fits with another of Marthas lines, the typographical error I called you naughty darling because I do not like that other world (131). These words become worlds, carving out a space as they travel throughout Dublin with Bloom. Bloom tosses the throwaway into the Liffey, and its words sail down not only the river, but alongside Bloom, causing him trouble and marking him as a throwaway himself. Words often hint at their own creation or foreshadow another... ...urface giddiness of mermaids singing, each to each. Our paralysis in reading Prufrock, from stanzaic symmetries (And would it have been worth it, after all/That is not is, at all, used twice with minor variations) that indicate Prufrocks stalled action to the anatomization of pluralized body parts (eyes/arms) that rest heavily on a local item while emphasizing its multitude and power, Disturbs the universe as much as Prufrocks own perambulations do, that is, not at all. He only sinks further down, drowning not only in ot her human voices but, more importantly, in his own constipation. Works CitedEliot, T. S.. The Love Song of Alfred J. Prufrock. Making Literature Matter An Anthology for Readers and Writers. 2nd Ed. Schlib & Clifford. Boston Bedford, 2003. 851-855.Joyce, James. The Portable James Joyce, New York Penguin Books, 1996

Colonialism and Imperialism - A Post-colonial Study of Heart of Darknes

A Post-colonial Study of Heart of Darkness In this paper, Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness will be examined by using a recent movement, Post-colonial Study that mainly focuses on the relationship between the Self and the Other, always intertwined together in considering one identity. The Other is usually identified with the margin, which has been oppressed or ignored by Eurocentric, male-dominated history. Conrad is also conscious of the Others interrelated status with the Self, but his main concern is the Self, not the Other, even though he deals with the natives. As Edward W. Said indicates in his Orientalism, the Orient (or the Other) has helped to define Europe (or the West) as its contrasting image, idea, personality, experience.1 For Conrad, the Other becomes meaningful only so far as it gives some insight or information for the construction of Eurocentric self-image. In Heart of Darkness, the story is set in the Congo, the literal battleground for colonial exploitation. M arlow perceives natives along stereotyped Western lines, even though he also manifests a sense of sympathy towards suffering natives. The natives cannot be understood or seen represented from their storey of view. The colonial aspects in Heart of Darkness begin to be explored through Marlow perspective of history. Seeing history as cyclic, Marlow juxtaposes the Roman invasion with that of the present British imperial project. According to Marlow, when Romans had first come to Britain, they might have felt the same way the British did in Africa the Romans first came present . . . darkness was here yesterday . . . savages, precious little to eat fit for a civilized man, nothing but Thames water to drink (9-10). ... ...lism, Racism, or Impressionism? Criticism (Fall, 1985) Burden, Robert. Heart of Darkness. capital of the United Kingdom Macmillan, 1991. Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. ed. Robert Kimbrough. 3rd. edition. New York Norton, 1988. Lionnet, Francoise. Autobiographi cal Voices. Cornell UP, 1988. Said, Edward W. Orientalism. New York Pantheon Books, 1978. ------------ The World, the Text, and the Critic. (Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University Press, 1983------------ Joseph Conrad and the Fiction of Autobiography. (Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University Press, 1966)Shaffer, Brian. . Rebabarizing Civilization Conrads African Fiction and Spencerian Sociology, PMLA 108 (1993) 45-58Thomas, Brook. Preserving and Keeping Order by putting to death Time in Heart of Darkness, in Heart of Darkness, ed. Ross Murfin, (New York St. Martins Press, 1989)

Colonialism and Imperialism - A Post-colonial Study of Heart of Darknes

A Post-colonial Study of bone marrow of Darkness In this paper, Joseph Conrads pump of Darkness will be examined by using a modern movement, Post-colonial Study that mainly focuses on the relationship between the Self and the Other, always intertwined together in considering one identity. The Other is commonly identified with the margin, which has been oppressed or ignored by Eurocentric, male-dominated history. Conrad is also conscious of the Others interrelated status with the Self, but his main concern is the Self, not the Other, withal though he deals with the natives. As Edward W. give tongue to indicates in his Orientalism, the Orient (or the Other) has helped to define Europe (or the West) as its contrasting image, idea, personality, experience.1 For Conrad, the Other becomes meaningful only so far as it gives some insight or information for the construction of Eurocentric self-image. In Heart of Darkness, the story is set in the Congo, the literal battleground for co lonial exploitation. Marlow perceives natives along stereotyped Western lines, even though he also manifests a sense of sympathy towards suffering natives. The natives cannot be understood or seen represented from their point of view. The colonial aspects in Heart of Darkness begin to be explored through Marlow perspective of history. Seeing history as cyclic, Marlow juxtaposes the Roman invasion with that of the present British imperial project. According to Marlow, when Romans had stolon come to Britain, they might have felt the same way the British did in Africa the Romans first came here . . . darkness was here yesterday . . . savages, precious teeny-weeny to eat fit for a civilized man, nothing but Thames water to drink (9-10). ... ...lism, Racism, or Impressionism? Criticism (Fall, 1985) Burden, Robert. Heart of Darkness. London Macmillan, 1991. Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. ed. Robert Kimbrough. 3rd. edition. New York Norton, 1988. Lionnet, Francoise. autobiograph ical Voices. Cornell UP, 1988. Said, Edward W. Orientalism. New York Pantheon Books, 1978. ------------ The World, the Text, and the Critic. (Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University Press, 1983------------ Joseph Conrad and the Fiction of Autobiography. (Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University Press, 1966)Shaffer, Brian. . Rebabarizing Civilization Conrads African Fiction and Spencerian Sociology, PMLA 108 (1993) 45-58Thomas, Brook. Preserving and Keeping Order by Killing Time in Heart of Darkness, in Heart of Darkness, ed. Ross Murfin, (New York St. Martins Press, 1989)

The Ideal Role for Business in Society

The Ideal Role for Business in Society Introduction Business has been going along since long before money, insurance plans, and orbicular melt were even a glimmer in aroundones mind. The days of trading your skill for what you requiremented are pipe down present today, precisely in a much different realm. Most people do not rely on their neighbor to grow ve strikeables for their family to eat while they flock the sheep. Disposing of chemicals and building a greener society were not a worry on the mind of anyone many moons ago.It has changed and businesses can overlook peoples personal issues, unmarried need, and impact on the environs. The ideal role for business in society is to treat their employees fairly by providing respectable employment plans that fit individual require and being greener in society by caring to implement plans to reduce their carbon footprint. Ben and Jerrys Ben and Jerrys started out as small ice thresh around makers in Vermont with a very smal l company that grew astronomically. They did not intend on having a plan for responsibility to employees, society, and the planet.They are a prime eccentric of how a business that is not focused solely on the bottom line can make a difference in the community and the world. In 2010 to make the company greener they said, Our vision is that the entire country will switch over to hydrocarbon (HC) freezers that are significantly more energy-efficient and use gases with lower global warming potential than standard freezers, which use hydrofluorocarbons (HFC). (Ben and Jerrys Social and Responsibility Report 2010). They are making effort to do something to improve the environment even if it does personify them some profits.They give back to the community and support jobs with their foundaiton stating, Through the Foundation, were helping immigrant workers, neighborhood groups, farm workers and dozens of other groups around the country to get organized and fight for a fair deal. In 2011 , Ben & Jerrys contri stilled $2,180,808 to the Foundation based on the 2010 sales of the corporation. (Ben and Jerrys Social and Responsibility Report 2010). These are all things Ben and Jerrys or any corporation could certainly overlook ithout many reprocussions , but being outardly accountable and charitable makes them a more kindly company to buy from. This also leads the way in showing other corporations that you can make a difference in the world, grow as a company, and be responsible. The Walt Disney Corportation When I think of The Walt Disney Company I think of fun amusement parks, Mickey Mouse, and entertaining childerns movies. They are much more than that stepping up to the challenge of being reposible as a corporation to its employees and the environment.Disney has a very focused plan to do their part in the environment as shown in the chart below. (The Walt Disney Company 2010 Corporate Citizen Report) The goals and plan they have to minimize the effects of on the e nvironment is something every company should be doing, and having it available for the public to suppose is another positive apect. The employees at disney receive opportunity to pursue further education and get great benefits packages. They state, But we know your life isnt just almost work. You have additional things going on family, friends, personal interests, education and more.The Walt Disney Company offers a comprehensive total rewards package that helps you live your best life, grow personally and professionally, and get rewarded for the results you deliver. (Disney Careers. Total Rewards). This leads me to believe that Disney has a vested interest in the employees they hire and worry about them as individuals. Tyson I see a commercial for some hungry teenagers and how Tyson chicken nuggets or strips satisfies their cravings, but I rarely stop to think if they treat their employees fairly or the environment.Tyson is a leading corporation that does billing saying, We o ffer one of the best benefit packages, not just in the industry but in the nation. (Tyson Corporation. Tyson Benefits. ) They a great plan for all realms of wellness care, stock options, retirement plans, a full service credit union, education and leadership training, discounts on all products. They participate in hundreds of community events, showing they care about the public. Tyson also is striving o not just follow the guidelines of the law but to go above and beyond to protect the enviornemnt, For Tyson Foods, protecting the environment is about more than maintaining compliance with the environmental laws and regulations applicable to our operations. Its about embracing a swear out of continual improvement aimed at protecting the environment for future generations. (Tyson. Sustainablity Report. Planet). They recyle, reduce amount of water used, evaluate using an alternative fuel source, reduce packing waste, conserve energy, and reduce the number of trucks on the road.They a re focused on the future and know that playing their part is not just about following the law but providing more for the community and the environment. Strengths helplessness Opportunities Threats Improving the quality of life for employees Losing profits from spending time and money on things other than the product or service To gain customers from being a reputable company You whitethorn go out of business by focusing too much on these other items Helping the environment Stockholders may think this a waste of funds Recognized as a company that does more for society Bottom line is effected SWOT abstractFor Tyson Foods, protecting the environment is about more than maintaining compliance with the environmental laws and regulations applicable to our operations. Its about embracing a process of continual improvement aimed at protecting the environment for future generations. For Tyson Foods, protecting the environment is about more than maintaining compliance with the environmenta l laws and regulations applicable to our operations. Its about embracing a process of continual improvement aimed at protecting the environment for future generations.For Tyson Foods, protecting the environment is about more than maintaining compliance with the environmental laws and regulations applicable to our operations. Its about embracing a process of continual improvement aimed at protecting the environment for future generations. Conclusion Corporations need to be responsible while still earning a resonable profit to continue thriving, changing, and becoming better. Doing no harm beyond meeting legal requirements regarding the environment, conditions of employement, community relationtions, and ethics.The law always lags behind the best practice. (Charles happy What is a Business for). It is the corporations reposnsibility to step up and take action instead of being forced to by law or any other orgainzaitons. Corporations need to start doing more and providing the informa tion to the public so we can see that they are actually making not just a profit but a change to make the world a better place. Sources Ben and Jerrys. Social and Environmental Assesment Report 2010. http//www. benjerry. com/company/sear/2010/index. cfm Harvard Business Review.What is a Business for. Charles Handy. (Page 7) The Walt Disney Company. The Walt Disney Company 2010 Corporate Citizen Report 2010. http//corporate. disney. go. com/CITIZENSHIP2010/environment/overview/ourapproach/ The Walt Disney Company. Disney Careers Total Rewards. http//disneycareers. com/en/working-here/total-rewards/ Tyson Corporation. Careers. Why Tyson. Tyson Benefits. http//www. tysonfoodscareers. com/Why-Tyson-Foods/Benefits. aspx Tyson Corporation. Sustainablitity Report 2010. Planet 4. 0. http//www. tysonfoods. com/Sustainability/2010/Planet. aspx

Health & Social Care Essay

Ai Identify four key pieces of Legislation and Codes of Practice relating to handling information in affable c ar setting.1). Data Protection Act 1998 Gives rights to individuals in respect of personal data held astir(predicate) them. It also seeks to protect individuals with regard to the processing of personal data.2). license of Information Act 2000 The Freedom of Information Act gives you the right to ask whatever public sector organisation for all the recorded information they use up on any subject. Anyone can make a request for information there are no restrictions on your age, nationality or where you live. If you ask for information ab protrude yourself, then your request will be handled under the Data Protection Act.3). Employees Policies & Procedures To make accepted that all records that are kept in the office are put away in a locked secure cabinet. And when you write out the daily report sheet in the Care Plan Book, make sure that the Care Plan Book is closed a nd not left open.4). Health and Social Care Act 2008 requires us to publish a code that sets out the practice we will follow in obtaining, handling, using and disclosing confidential personal information.Aii Explain how legal requirements and codes of practice affect the day to day work of a social care worker in relation to handling information.It is important to follow the codes of practice in everything you do in your day to day work. For example, I personally had a situation a while ago where my regular service user was in hospital for a couple of months, and a hero of Mr Ts approached me and asked if I could give her the key safe code so she could go into to his property and clean round and get him some shopping. I told her that I could not give her Mr Ts key safe code as it is my duty of care not to give out any information that was entrusted to me. And if I gave it to her then I would be breaking the codes of practice and my employees policies and procedures.

Acknowledging Female Stereotypes in Much Ado About Nothing Essay

Women in the Elizabethan age were extremely repressed and discriminated against. Most would not sire gone to school or received any type of formal education. They were not allowed to vote, own property, or freely voice their opinions.They were seen as the property of a man, subject to his wants, needs, and not allowed to have their own men held extremely stereotypical views of their female counterparts that helped them justify the way they treated them. Shakespeargon exposes many of these injustices and biases in his stage plays, which are still commonly sympathise and performed today. In Much Ado About Nothing, Claudio moves from seeing women (specifically wedge shape) as goddesses and wives to adulterers, and then back again to his original views.Claudio initially views Hero according to the established stereotypes, in Act 1, Scene 1 as property. When first speaking of Hero, he refers to her as the daughter of Signor Leonato while this appears to be simply for identification pur poses, he actually relinquishes the power of her name to her guardian (1. 1. 119).Instead of calling her by her given name, Hero, Claudio names her in relation to her more powerful male owner. He goes on to ask benedick if she is a modest young lady, not wondering only if she is sweet, but if she is literally a virgin (1. 1. 121). A womans virginity was extremely valuable in Elizabethan England, and deter exploitd her worth as a potential wife.This outright inquiry into her purity foreshadows the later scandalisation surrounding it. benedict asks Claudio if he would buy her, and Claudio responds with a seemingly noble hypothetical question Can the world buy such a ornament? (1 1 134). While his question seems to imply that she is so valuable that the entire worlds money could not purchase her, it still perpetuates the stereotype that women are pieces of property, albeit very beautiful and expensive ones.Later in the same scene, Claudio demonstrates Elizabethan mens views of wome n through Shakespeares thematic messages. He remarks that in mine eye, Hero is the sweetest lady that ever I looked on (1 1 139).This introduces a reoccurring theme of Much Ado About Nothing of seeing and intelligence. Here, and later on in the play, Claudio bases his opinions of Hero on her outward peach and appearance of piety. In addition, the words mine and I stress the importance of Claudio himself, the important, powerful male in the situation. whiz notes Shakespeares wordplay in the pun implied when eye and I sound interchangeable when spoken aloud.Another theme surfaces in the use of the word sworn in line 144 of Act 1, Scene 1, w presentby Claudio makes evident that his honor depends on peoples perception of him and, by proxy, his future wife, Hero. Also famous is the hope he expresses that Hero would be his wife, in that he uses language again pertaining to himself where he could have wished that Hero would marry him or something similar, he instead wishes her to becom e his property.Claudio reveals that he has had an interest in Hero for a while originally their present conversation about her. He admired her before he went away to war, but more pressing, important, masculine issues took his mind off her. This implies that matters of the heart were less valued by men than duty and honor, and that his current jam with Hero is sort of an afterthought, something to pursue as he is now bored.This distant, material admiration for Hero quickly turns to contempt when he thinks that Don Pedro has taken her for himself in Act 2, Scene 1. When Don John and Borachio tell him about his friends betrayal, Claudio seems to be angrier with Hero than with the man who stole his prospective bride. He claims beauty is a witch, against whose charms faith meltheth into blood (2 1 135-6). This demonstrates the stereotype that Elizabethan men held of women being easily turned to adulterers it seems to be her evil beauty that lured Don Pedro into purportedly winning h er over for his own.This is again an insult to Claudios pride Don John and Borachio use forms of the word swear when recounting Don Pedros vatic conquest of Hero, calling to mind how Claudio swore to marry her in the first act. Claudio denounces Hero, and wishes Don Pedro joy of her, once again suggesting women to be objects of personal property, solely existing to go through the desires of man.When it is confirmed that Don Pedro was indeed just performing his friendly duties, Claudio instantly reverts to his view of Hero as a perfect, virginal, almost goddess-like potential wife. He says to Hero Lady, as you are mine, I am yours I give away myself for you, and dote upon the exchange (2 1 233-4).Claudio acknowledges that Hero is now his property, and as that is an accepted custom-made in Elizabethan England, it is therefore deemed heroic that he gives himself to her, as well. Using the word exchange suggests a formal transaction of property, which is what is really transpiring a mong Claudio and Leonato. Claudio expresses his anticipation for the wedding, as time moves slowly till love have all his rites (2 1 269-70) the two meanings of rites as the actual notice and rights as a husband provide shrewdness into this.He feels a necessity for their union to be official, as legally marrying Hero get out give him legal willpower of her, and her property. Though he claims to love her, his affection could ultimately be seen as a want of her dowry.Claudio shows his opinions of women in his comical description of Beatrices love for Benedick in Act 2, Scene 3. He describes her grief over her unrequited love in a ridiculous way, saying that she threw a savage fit. This implies Beatrice, and by extension all women, to be controlled and weakened by their emotions.Claudio says that Hero had told him that Beatrice would surely die if her situation with Benedick progresses in any direction, again poking pastime at womens irrationality. He suggests she wear herself out by talking to someone about her love, as though she were a small child throwing a temper tantrum. Like most men of his time, Claudio appears to believe that womens perceived lack of control of their emotions made them less worthy of esteem.His view of women again turns cynical again when he receives news in Act 3, Scene 2 that leads him to believe that Hero has had an affair with another man. Don John uses the word unpatriotic to describe her actions, and Claudio repeats that word in outrage and confusion about this blow to his honor (3 2 76).Being disloyal seems worse than most other things, in that it has wounded Claudios pride and reputation. The prefix dis is extremely negative and poignant. He emphasizes that if he sees anything with his own eyes, he will believe these accusations. He describes the issue as mischief strangely thwarting, and extends that description to all women in general here he shows that he has moved from seeing women as wives and goddesses to adulterers an d shrews.At their wedding ceremony in Act 4, Scene 1, Claudio spitefully and ironically addresses Hero with all sorts of virginal, innocent, pure language like maid (4 1 19).He again describes her as property in calling her a rich and precious gift, yet this time it is with an air of contempt and scorn (4 1 23). Continuing the theme of perception and sight, he calls Hero but the sign and semblance of her honor, implying that she merely put on a facade of virginity and purity (4 1 28). He asks the attendees of the wedding and, by extension, the audience, to acknowledge that her innocence is merely a show.Claudio accuses her girlish blush to be truly that of guilt and shame. Where previously he has referred to Hero as a maid, here he calls her only like a maid this literal comparison emphasizes his change of feeling toward her and her sex. He facetiously describes her as the goddess of chastity and the moon, Diana, and of an unopened heyday bud virgin in appearance only.Then he com pares her to Venus, goddess of sexuality, and even to mindless beasts that act only on impulse and instinct. In the line bind that Hero, Hero itself can blot out Heros virtue, he proclaims that women are the source of their own downfall (4 1 75). Where her outward appearance was that of a virtuous young lady, her perceived actions lead Claudio to believe her to be a whore.Although one could argue that Claudios view of women was that of all Elizabethan men, including Shakespeare himself, the development of Benedicks opinions show that this is not true.He begins the play disliking the idea of marriage and especially marriage to Beatrice, yet, through the dramatic action, he learns to love and appreciate her for her previously detested intelligence and wit. Benedick learns to value women for the humans they are, and yet Claudio still sees them as property at the end of the play.This suggests that Shakespeare realizes that, although he can bring charge to the issue of gender equality in his works, he cannot expect the audience to fully accept his ideas.Claudio constantly moves between stereotypes in his views of women in this play he alternatively sees Hero as wife, goddess, adulterer, and everything in between.Shakespeares specific word choice and themes revealed in Much Ado About Nothing provide insight into how women were actually thought of and treated in Elizabethan England, and how the author himself believed they should be. Today, the centuries-old fight for gender equality is far from over. But, like Shakespeare, we can hope that all women will eventually be respected as equals, like Beatrice. Works CitedMcDonald, Russ. The Bedford Companion to Shakespeare. Boston Bedford, 2010. Shakespeare, William. Much Ado about Nothing. Ed. Mary Berry and Michael Clamp. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Human Resources Essay

Employees atomic number 18 al behaviors considered an asset to the organization. However organizations domiciliate never estimate what amount of this asset is required. Usually the number of employees is both high than wanted or lower than wanted. and so to cope up with either surpluses or shortfalls organizations have a number of methods that are as follows To manage shortage of employees The first and foremost method to slash shortages is recruiting more permanent employees. This adds the number of workforce as required by the organization.However increasing new employees increases cost for the organization as well. Another method to overcome shortages is to retain employees within the organization who are retiring and offer them added incentives on a late retirement. besides another approach to lower down costs and still come over shortages can be to hire retired individuals again on a serving clip basis. This helps the organization to meet the shortage requirement in an efficient manner as no training is required and in any case the part time wages are low.Another approach can be to reduce turnovers by providing benefits such as premium pay etc. This is an effective way to retain old employees but can elicit a bidding war which the organization might not be able to control for a long time (Caruth, 1997). Over time and subcontracting is also a good way to deal with shortages. Sub contracting is an expensive procedure but obviously for a short time the company could afford to contract employees. Temporary hiring is also an option and is somewhat similar to sub contracting.Redesigning the melodic line processes so that lesser employees are required is also a way to deal with shortages. This method though requires training so that employees adapt to the new job design and are comfortable with it and doesnt result in heavier workloads and lowering down the talent level. To Manage Surplus of employees Surpluses are easier to manage consequently shor tages. Stopping the hiring process, no replacements of those who leave, layoffs, go early retirements etc are one of the most commonly used downsizing techniques (Mathis, 2004).Downsizing activities however have a negative effect on quick employees motivation and thus are usually avoided by most organizations. By introducing the shift system, number of hours worked can be reduced and efficiency of employees can be increased. Similarly, outsourcing or temporary employees shouldnt be hired as there is already a surplus. To lower down costs, the company can either cut down pays across the board or switch to a variable pay plan (number of hours worked multiplied by per hour rate).In either way those with a lower pay or those who work lesser hours allow prefer finding a new job that pays them more. Training is also a good way to deal with surpluses. Train half of the employees at a given time and let the other half work then train the later half and let the first half work. though thi s is also something expensive and in the long run of no benefit to the organization. conscious severance is also another way in which you ask employees to volunteer if they want to leave the organization.Another way to utilize abundance of employees is by expanding operations. Though a firm cannot expand operations overnight nor it can expand them just to accommodate extra employees when there is no need of an expansion. Job explanation My current job is as a sales and trade executive at a technology corporation. I report directly to my sales and marketing director. The basic purpose of my job is to plan and carry out product activation and brand awareness activities in order to increase and sustain sales of my company.The core responsibilities of the job include developing and maintaining a database of customers and potential customers, to plan and carry out sales activities, develop new ideas, keep a drop back of sales performances, provide management with relevant randomnes s, frequently research on the market, the competitors and the customers in order to cope up with the changing needs, make connections with clients for business and organisational development, conduct training sessions to pass on my learning, skills and knowledge to my juniors.Apart from these I have to readily keep my colleagues up to date with all relevant information so that the department is on the same page in meetings or conferences. Communication is one of the foremost things in my job and I have to flummox care that relevant information reaches the pertaining individual on time. Redesigning the job description In order to redesign my job description following the exhibit I think the first thing that should be focused upon is that the job shouldnt be monotonous as it is in the above mentioned case.The duties should vary from hard to uncorrectable and from usual to unusual. Skill variety should be a basic part of it. This will lead to an increase of interest towards the job a nd thus will increase my motivation. My performance will also be definitely alterd as I will be learning something different every time and this will be adding to my experience and skills. This will also alleviate the redundancy in my job to some extent (Tanke, 2000). One thing that I feel is miss in my job is the power of making finishs on my own.As already mentioned I report to my director. At times he is not in the expanse and he does not have the true picture. In such cases a delay in decision making can be costly for the organization. Thus sales executives should be given the autonomy to at times make decision on their own which can benefit the company. Obviously everyone knows that wrong decision will result in losing the job. So every employee will definitely think for the best of the organization before taking any actions.Employee empowerment results in increasing employee confidence and provides them with new experiences particular to dealing with responsibilities. In t urn, employees are satisfied with their jobs, feel a relationship with the organization and get a esprit de corps boost. One way to make an employee feel important is to provide run for back. Feedback tells the employee if their work is appreciated or not and in what areas they need to improve. If my director gets feed back from a client on any activity that I planned then it should be known to me as well.Apart from this there should be a little more flexibility in the management attitude so that they also understand that every employee has different needs (Tanke, 2000). Like my job could be more exciting if the management does not keep me sitting in the office just to fill in the hours an employee has to be on his seat. It would be beneficial for both if I am out in the field and monitoring and assisting in the sales activities. All these steps will definitely improve performance, motivation and satisfaction.

Art of Loving Response

In Response to The artistic creation of Loving In The Art of Loving, Erich Fromm asks the question is honor an art? In an effort to answer this question, he identifies, discusses, and analyzes the different objects of respect. Fromm states that pleasing as an art means that bingle must love every objects, rather than only loving the right ace (43). For this reason, the objects that he analyzes include comradely love, motherly love, erotic love, self-love, and the love of perfection. When analyzing each object to explain his statement, Fromm tends to use broad generalizations about society, which do not cover al superstar circumstances.In this essay, I will identify and address the argonas where Fromm makes sweeping, in divert generalizations about society, as well as acknowledge his accurately fitting descriptions. The first object of love that Fromm identifies is brotherly love, defined as the love for all people as equals. Fromm feels that this is the most fundamental ty pe of love because of its lack of exclusiveness. Fromm defines a brother to be equivalent to the neighbor menti unmatchabled in The Golden Rule from the Bible, which states, love thy neighbor as thy self (44). Not all of society grew up acquire The Golden Rule therefore, this sweeping statement does not explain all relationships within society. Instead, Fromm should have said that brotherly love is based on one who respects and understands his neighbor and friend as an equal. This explanation could apply to many more relationships within society. Even though I was raised a Catholic, not all love relationships contact to those from the Bible. Any non-believers may also ensure. This refutes Fromms statement that the brotherly love found within the Bible is fundamental for all relationships.Fromm defines motherly love as absolute and unconditional. He considers this love to be the highest kind of love, and the most sacred of all emotional bonds (Fromm 47). A mother loves the evolut ion child and wishes for his separation from her. She guides him and facilitates this separation so the child may flourish and grow on his own in the area (Fromm 48). Fromm goes further and relates the nurturing ability of a mother to Gods nurturing of man in the Biblical creation story (Fromm 46).Once again, not all of society grew up with a Biblical, Christian background. Those who are not familiar with the creation story or do not believe that God created the world fail to understand the correlation. Even though this is sightly one example, Fromm fails to sympathize with those people who come from a non-Christian background. The third type of love that Fromm very clearly and accurately discusses is erotic love. Erotic love is the passion for complete fusion with another person.This illusive type of love becomes easily confused with the act of falling in love, except it includes an act of will and corporeal attraction (Fromm 49). Fromms description accurately addresses the ide as that erotic love can be easily dissolved since it is based solely on attraction. I agree that true love includes more than pure physical attraction it involves a decision, a judgment, and a promise as well as an attraction. I real appreciate Fromms statement that love is not just a feeling. Feelings can come and go and there is no way to promise a feeling for forever.This hints to the reason for a decision and a judgment along with the promise in marriage. This is true and evident in our society because marriages normally do not last unless there is another attraction between those in the couple besides a physical one. The next topic the Fromm discusses is self-love, which provides the idea that one must love themselves before one can love others. As Fromm states it The affirmation of ones own life, happiness, growth, freedom is rooted in ones capacity to love, i. e. , in care, respect, responsibility, and knowledge.If an individual is able to love productively, he loves himself too if he can love only others, he cannot love at all. (55-56) He makes a point to mention that self-love and selfishness are counterparts, in that self-love creates happiness and selfishness only leads to frustration. Fromm notes that selfishness originates from the hatred of oneself and, in return, that person wants everything in the world (56). I agree with Fromms description that self-love is the first step in loving others, however, I disagree that selfishness is the complete opposite of self-love.Selfishness, rather, is the result of loving oneself too much to the extent that one thinks they deserve everything in the world everything is to their disposal and no one elses. Fromm fails to address this extreme, yet he does a justifiably sufficient job at explaining the importance of self-love. Self-love sets the basis for all relationships because it is difficult to love another person without loving oneself first. The last object of love that Fromm discusses for the longest ext ent is the love of God.He states that there is no way of loving God, but rather believing in a unity with Him. God is a symbol of justice, love, and truth instead of an actual being (Fromm 72). Therefore, those who love God have faith in an ultimate unity (Fromm 73). Having grown up in a Catholic school, I agree with Erich Fromms analysis. God is not a being and the only way to discuss the reality of such a symbol is to discuss what He is not. God is not a father. God is not a mother. He loves similarly to both, but He isnt a physical mother or father.Also, because He is not a being it is difficult to say that one can love Him. Therefore, believing in God is the same as loving God however, there are different maturity levels to which one loves God. As one grows older and learns more about God, one may become closer to Him. This growing closer and maturity correlates to the strength of ones belief and trust in Him. I can relate to this section since I am a raised Catholic, however, a n atheist or non-Christian may not understand why this section is necessary for Fromm to discuss in order to answer his original question.Atheists, for example, do not have a being or god to love or believe in. In The Art of Loving, Erich Fromm raises the question, is love an art? To answer his question, Fromm identifies and analyzes the objects of love from erotic love to the love of God. In this response, I identified the areas where Fromm includes broad generalizations about society and acknowledged his appropriate analyses about love. Works Cited Fromm, Erich. The Art of Loving. New York Harper & Row, 1974. Print.

Critique of the Hawthorne Experiments

Written by Fritz J. Roethlisberger (1898 1974), The Hawthorne Experiments, explores the experiments, results and conclusions of studies performed at the Hawthorne Plant of the Western Electric Company. The Hawthorne Effect is the speculation that resulted from the studies. Roethlisberger, a key member of the team, joined the team in 1927 and actively participated in the research until 1936, first as Elton Mayos assistant and later as his collaborator (Roethlisberger, 2007).Roethlisberger realise a BA in engineering from Columbia University, a BS in engineering administration from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and a MA in philosophy from Harvard University (Roethlisberger, 2007). When Roethlisberger became Elton Mayos assistant and a member of the Harvard Business School Department of Industrial Research, his studies towards a PhD in philosophy were halted (Roethlisberger, 2007).Roethlisberger held multiple positions art object at Harvard University including Instruc tor of Industrial Research (1927-1930), Assistant Professor of Industrial Research (1930-1938), Associate Professor of Industrial Research (1938-1946) and Wallace Brett Donham Professor of Hu worldly concern dealing (1950-1974) (Roethlisberger, 2007). Roethlisberger also served as a consultant to the Training within Industry Program of the U. S. Governments Office of Production Management from 1941 to 1942 (Roethlisberger, 2007). Roethlisberger is also responsible for multiple some other(prenominal) essays and books including, Man-in-Organization Essays of F. J. Roethlisberger (1968), Counseling in an Organization A Sequel to the Hawthorne Researches (1966), and Management and Morale (1941) (Biography Fritz, 2010). Critique The article uses the experiments performed at the Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric Company as illustration to prove Roethlisbergers theory. He wrote It is my simple thesis that a pitying problem requires a human solution. First, we have to learn to a ctualize a human problem when we see one(a) and second, upon recognizing it, we have to learn to deal with it as such and not as if it were something else.Too often at the communicatory level we talk glibly about the importance of the human factor and too seldom at the concrete level of behavior do we recognize a human problem for what it is and deal with it as such (Natemeyer & McMahon, 2001, p. 30). Roethlisberger also said, A human problem to be brought to a human solution requires human data and human tools (Natemeyer & McMahon, 2001, p. 30). Again the results from these experiments reiterated Roethlisbergers theory of treating human problems with human solutions.There were multiple experiments performed at the Hawthorne plant. In the illumination experimentswe have a incorrupt example of trying to deal with a human situation in nonhuman terms (Natemeyer & McMahon, 2001, p. 31). The illumination studies were performed from 1924 until 1927 and were to study the effect of light ing changes on employee productiveness (Kirchner, 1992). Within this experiment, various degrees of illumination were experimented on a test group and most of the experiments performed on the group showed an increase of productivity.According to Roethlisberger, in still another experiment, the proceeders were allowed to believe that the illumination was being increased, although, in fact, no change in intensity was made (Natemeyer & McMahon, 2001, p. 31). Again the researchers saw an increase in productivity. Some of the researchers were low to develop their basic ideas and assumptions with regard to human motivation (Natemeyer & McMahon, 2001, p. 31). In the next set of experiments, also k directn as the Relay Assembly Test mode Experiments, Western Electric Company drew support from Harvard researchers.The experiments (with five young women from the Relay Assembly room of the plant) involved manipulated a number of factors including, pay incentives, space of workday and work w eek, and the use of rest period (Natemeyer & McMahon, 2001, p 32). temporary hookup researchers kept tons of data regarding this experiment, including the temperature and humidity of the room and the amount of slept each women had the night prior, the physical changes had little change on the productivity (Natemeyer & McMahon, 2001, pp. 32 34).The experiments at the Hawthorne Plant continued with interviewing the actual employees. These interviews began in 1928 and were the first real attempt to set down human data and to forge human tools to get them (Natemeyer & McMahon, 2001, p. 35). In the beginning of the interviewing process, the interviewers found it difficult to not input their feelings, advice, etc into the interviews (Natemeyer & McMahon, 2001, p. 35). Over time and with practice They discover that sooner or later a person tends to talk about what is uppermost in his mind to a sympathetic and skillful listener.And they become much proficient in interpreting what a pe rson is say or trying to say (Natemeyer & McMahon, 2001, p 35). It was the data from these experiments that supported the research of the Harvard team and go through them to conclude that productivity increase when direction/supervisors began to pay attention to their employees. In the final set of experiments at the Hawthorne Plant, also described as the Bank wire Observation Group (1931-1932), researchers observed a group of employees that represented three occupational groups wiremen, soldermen, and inspectors (Natemeyer & McMahon, 2001, p. 8).All of the work done in this room was piece work and what the researchers discovered while observing was To be an accepted member of the group a man had to act in accordance with these the social standards. One man in this group exceeded the group standard of what constituted a fair days work. Social pressure was put on him to conform, but without avail, since he enjoyed doing things the other disliked. The best-liked person in the group was the one who kept his output exactly where the group agreed it should be (Natemeyer & McMahon, 2001, p. 8) It was these observations that lead the researchers to the conclusion informal groups see to it in the work environment. According to Roethlisberger, most of us want the satisfaction that comes from being accepted and recognized as people of worth by friends and workings associated. Money is only a small part of this social recognition (Natemeyer & McMahon, 2001, p. 39) Despite the modern criticism the Hawthorne research receives, the studies changed the landscape permanently.These experiments help disprove, Frederick Winslow Taylors theory of scientific management. According to his theory, management should scientifically design the job, scientifically select and train the right worker, reward for performance (Dessler & Phillips, 2008, p. 12). The study at the Hawthorne plant shows that management can not be a separate identity in the workplace but necessitys to be acti vely involved and available to employees. darn the findings of the Hawthorne Experiments disproved Taylors theory they do support Abraham Maslows theories.In Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, he points out there is more to motivation and an enjoyable workplace, accordingly a paycheck. According to his theory, an employee has numerous needs including physiological needs (food, water, etc), safety and security needs, social needs, self esteem, and self actualization (Dessler and Phillips, 2008, p. 12). In these experiments, the employees included in the group received more attention and were included into special social groups. Todays Workplace Fritz J. Roethlisbergers conclusions from the Hawthorne Experiments are still relevant in todays workplace. Employees need to feel as though they are a member of a group and their thoughts and opinions matter to the company they work for. While some researchers criticize the Hawthorne Experiments, the experiments, flawed or not, point to a key point the employees in the Hawthorne experiment were pleased and thrived when receiving attention from the researchers. As Roethlisberger, pointed out one can not solve human problems or concerns without a human solution and he is correct.Social needs, self esteem needs, and self actualization needs, as defined by Maslow, are all human needs and can not be completed or satisfied with changed lighting, rest periods, increased pay, etc they need human interaction and human solutions. These needs are even more important in our society and many companies do recognize these. Many companies now offer mentoring programs, employee groups (including health committee, activity committees, etc), rewards, and acknowledgement programs. When employees are made to feel special their physical and intellectual performance improves and thus a company allow for experience success.

Harmonizing Research, Practice

Harmonizing Research, Practice, and polity in Early childhood Music A Chorus of internationalist Voices (Part 2) Lori A. Custodero & Lily Chen-Hafteck a b a b Music and Music facts of life program at Teachers College, Columbia University Music De divorcement, Kean University, rising tee shirt Version of record rootage published 07 Aug 2010. To cite this bind Lori A. Custodero & Lily Chen-Hafteck (2008) Harmonizing Research, Practice, and seduce _or_ system of government in Early clawhood Music A Chorus of International Voices (Part 2), liberal arts Education Policy Review, 1093, 3-8 To link to this article http//dx. doi. org/10. 3200/AEPR. 109. 3. 3-8PLEASE rolling DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full harm and conditions of mathematical function http//www. tandfonline. com/p epoch/terms-and-conditions This article may be apply for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistri neverthelession, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, syst ematic supply, or distri hardlyion in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publishing house does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents volition be complete or faultless or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources.The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising head uply or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. Copyright 2008 Heldref Publications Harmonizing Research, Practice, and Policy in Early tiddlerhood Music A Chorus of International Voices (Part 2) LORI A. CUSTODERO and LILY CHEN-HAFTECK Editors note. Lori A. Custodero and Lily Chen-Hafteck served as guest editors for both Part 1 and Part 2 of the special issue International Policies on Early Childhood Music Education Local and Global IssuesRevealed. n the zero(prenominal)ember/December 2007 issue of Arts Education Policy Review, readers were introduced to too soon childhood symphony policies in Brazil, England, Kenya, Puerto Rico, sulphur Africa, and the United States. In this collection, a second ensemble of experts from Australia, China, Denmark, Korea, Israel, and Taiwan joins them. Like the previous issue, these authors presented papers or manoeuvreshops at an International fede ration for Music Education, Early Childhood Music Education Seminar in Taipei in 2006 and wrote new articles for inclusion here.They responded to the same charge as the previous authors to answer the avocation forelands What policies currently exist in your landed estate for too soon on childhood euphony learning? To what extent do these policies meet the needs of children in your ara? How atomic number 18 teachers prepared to teach early childhood music in your dry land? In what slipway do topical anesthetic and global cultu res figure into the policies and practices of early childhood music in your country? Additionally, we offered the following questions, to be addressed at the authors discretion Do different musical comedy cultures request different instructional tone-beginninges?And, conversely, are certain music instructional approaches culture specific? How does this impact insurance polity and practice of early childhood music in your country? What are the probable risks and rewards of mandating multicultural musical experiences for untested children? Finally, we asked authors to address any issues specific to their regions and to make concrete suggestions understanding policy for their countries. Salient themes emerged addressing what was taught and who was responsible for that content.In umpteen ways these devil conditions are inseparable, interrelated through the social nature of musical experiences. In these accounts, we likewise see ways in which content and delivery avatar r eception and how that process, in turn, defines and is defined by culture. Examining these geographical contexts raises questions well-nigh atti- I tudes, practices, and policies concerning early childhood music fostering that wipe out implication for more of us. We chose three threads of inquiry from the many that weave these single texts into a textual fugue (a) ensions between child and bighearted culture (b) competing influences by global, regional, and local agencies on standards and curricula and (c) expectations for teacher intimacy and preparation. Competing Cultures Child and bragging(a) The existence of a musical culture in early childhood, which is distinctly different from the adult culture, is establish on studies showing similarities of vocal contours used in communication between infants and mothers across cultures (Papousek 1996), as closely as research regarding the differences between music made by children and adults (e. . , Bjorkvold 1992 Campbell 2007 Li ttleton 1998 Marsh 1995 Moorhead and Pond 1941). Sven-Erik Holgersens article on early childhood music in Scandinavia describes practices in Denmark, Sweden, and Norway that are sensitive to the childs culture. The cultural clash in those regional systems exists between programs that favor an elemental or natural approach to education for the young based on the free play aesthetic and those that see music Vol. 109, No. 3, January/February 2008 3 as a mode of artistic expression requiring learned skills.Lily Chen-Hafteck and Zhoyua Xu and, separately, Jennifer Chau-Ying Leu found preschools in Chinesespeaking countries to have a strong sense of adult culture. Most parents and teachers believe school should stress academic development rather than play, so that children can achieve high scores on tests and examinations. Chinese culture in addition stresses study and hard work as important for academic winner. In Korea, Nam-Hee Lim and Shunah Chung found that adults believe young chil dren need close supervision and guidance from teachers and parents in their development.Therefore, childrens natural tendency to be frolicky and creative is not recognized as a core measure in school potential for future success drives decisions. These cultural differences are interactive with and reflective of current conditions and regional history. In China, for example, books were printed with movable type as early as the eighth century, whereas in Europe copies were still drawn by deliberate until the 1400s. Such a long history of text accessibility elevated reading and authorship to a valued skill that was recognizable and sought (Smith 1991).Societal values may offer another lense to interpret early academic emphasis, such(prenominal) as those espoused by Confucius, for whom morality and caring for others, especially family, were primary. In terms of contemporary conditions, Louie Suthers of Australia notes that in her varied country one can see differences in get-go age s of pre-primary education. In Denmark, the children start at three years of age and continue for four years. In China, pre-primary education starts at four years of age and continues for three years, although care is available in each country mentioned from birth.Also of note, the average student teacher ratio in China is 281, differing from Hong Kongs average ratio of 161. The older starting age in China may perpetuate (or reflect relate in) the schooling culture. Leus discussion of the importance of family context is relevant to this point, inas overmuch as it may provide the space for child culture 4 Arts Education Policy Review to flourish art object adult culture is operating at school. Claudia Gluschankof writes about the purposeful creation of materials for the child culture with the development of the New Hebrew Culture in the Israeli territories during the early 1900s.Preschools were created based on the Froebel playcentered model and provide an funny case in the conce ntrated production of childrens music in a language that had no such repertoire prior to the kindergartens establishment. The conscious choice to provide young children with cultural tools for discernment at the earliest stages of a community is reminiscent of Sheila Woodwards discussion concerning the importance of children in nation construction in South Africa, featured in the previous issue of this journal.In her conclusion, Gluschankof raises important questions concerning this created canon of songs and the lack of repertoire for Arab-speaking children. Using the idea of child culture as a lens for viewing cultural and educational policies provides a useful way to understand differences and similarities in political systems that define the worlds in which we teach, research, and cohabitate. Such understanding may lead to more focused and inwardnessful questions that may reveal inequities or alternative directions in music education chargey of exploration.Considerations of these policies regarding conceptions of adulthood and childhood lead directly to curricular influences that we view from a related dialectic the local and global. Local and Global Influences Child and World In the first part of this symposium, we focused on the tension between small and large scaled views of what should be taught, each luck a different societal need. In the second part, we speak more specifi squally to the notion of a national curriculum because it is mentioned in each of the articles collected here.We are interested in questions dealing with how these private and collective influences affect childrens music education Does governmentmandated standardized curriculum limit possibilities or command access of quality to all children? and What is the exemplar to which music education should be standardized? The first question is meant to generate critical thinking regarding what and how policymakers might send messages about music education in the early years the se cond is meant to question assumptions we might have surrounding best practice and the cultural nuances that shape it.Suthers, discussing Australias situation, is mindful that there is no national music curriculum for pre-primary school and points to a new-fashioned reform movement in music education that excluded early childhood experiences. She notes that this leaves teachers feeling isolated and that their work is undervalued. Alternatively, Gluschankoff discusses the childrens music written in Hebrew as somewhat ideological and makes suggestions for addressing the inclusion of superfluous materials to meet the needs of a multicultural society.One of the ways in which the national curriculum may establish nationalistic is in the mandates or recommendations around singing repertoire. The role played by singing in socialization is significant and has been used for centuries to transmit cultural values, to teach language, and to establish qualities of rhythmic energy that play a way of being Dissanayake (2000) makes the case for mutuality and belonging as ways the arts are meaningful to us.Inasmuch as collective singing creates a sense of belonging, we have a province to monitoring device the ways in which we look at the child and the world (see Leus article describing ecological systems and Lim and Chung on the supportive role of adults). Chen-Hafteck and Xu excessively write about the importance of family singing and the differing role of school music. When local knowledge is replaced by chauvinism, music can be decontextualized. Because musicality is deeply rooted in shared experience, (Trevarthen 1999) we need to guard the personal and not expose childrens vulnerability to politicization.Our concern regarding global trends also involves the perception that globalization means movement toward D knowledgeloaded by Macquarie University at 1458 28 demo 2013 Western ideals. Attention to the local, once again, is necessary to adequately implement any cha nge. In China, for example, although the new educational policies follow the global trends rhetorically, espovictimization learning through play and stressing personal expression and creativity, its usefulness is severely hampered by conflicting views in the local tradition regarding a deep belief in academic success as the consummate benchmark.Holgerson considers a similar dissonance between local needs and governmental responsibility to all children through the philosophical lens of Bildung, a generative model that keeps the questions about such disconnections at the forefront of practice. Downloaded by Macquarie University at 1458 28 display 2013 Teacher Knowledge Child and Music Practice policies are perhaps best viewed vis-a-vis teacher preparation what do we value as knowledge? For most of us, early childhood musical practice involves understanding as much as we can about children while keeping the cultural context in mind.This might allow in individual experiences that cont ribute to their uniqueness and developmental trends that might give indications about what to expect in terms of maturation. What knowledge do we need of music? In this issue, the authors discuss the importance of a diverse and culturally responsive repertoire, singing range, quality of recordings, appropriate use of instruments, and sound sensitivity. In this collection of articles, the authors suggest that these two knowledge areas are rarely considered together and that they exist in bifurcation, at least conceptually.Across the globe, there are those who are considered to have knowledge of the child in context (families or generalist teachers) and those who have knowledge of the child in music (specialists). Holgersen describes this dichotomy in practical termsmusic activities and music teaching. The goals of using music are indeed varied and the complexity of music leads to multiple possibilities worthy of exploration. Among the authors there is a consensus concerning the need for collaboration between the two areas of expertise with several concrete recommendations.Reasons for this common phenomenon center on the systems in place for teacher preparation and the institutional divisions of disciplines authors press for more carefully structured schoolmaster development to help bridge the disciplinary divide. Knowing the body of work of these authors, we are familiar with their efforts to form partnerships with local child care specialists and have been gnarly with such partnerships at our universities. Child and Adult It is celebrated that many of the responses are about memories of musical adults who were influential in their music education.Graham Welch (pers. comm. ) offers I was educated in a Church of England Primary school in London . . . where we sang, often with the local Vicar leading on the piano. I can remember his enthusiasm, quick tempo and intensity of keyboard playing. F or most of us, early childhood musical practice involves understandi ng as much as we can about children while keeping the cultural context in mind. We believe them to be some of the most meaningful opportunities for our own teacher knowledge.Policy and Personal Voice In addition to the authors featured here, to inform our sense of the historical significance of current situations regarding early childhood music and the breadth to which our profession defines policy, we asked our colleagues involved in international musical education about their memories of early childhood music education and their relationship to policy with the following questions 1. Reflecting on your childhood before age eight, what were the influences of policy on your music education? . How does this compare with todays situation for young children? Responses were varied and provided insight through a self-reflective lens. We looked at the seven responses regarding their relatedness to our three topics and to how policy can reach us as individuals in a long-lasting way. Alda Ol iveira (pers. comm. ) from Brazil also reflected on a teacher The first time I went to school I was seven years old. At this age I choose to take piano lessons with a private piano teacher.She was a tremendous teacher since her method included not yet playing by reading and singing the notes, but also playing by ear and some popular songs. Family members had a strong musical battlefront in June Boyce Tillmans (pers. comm. ) childhood in England My music was regularly singing with and listening to the playing of my paternal grandfather who was the village dance band pianist. Margre van Gestel (pers. comm. ) of The Netherlands also wrote of related experiences I had the privilege to be surrounded by a musical family.We had a piano in our home and I worn-out(a) lots of time behind the piano in my grandmothers house. My uncles and aunts could play the piano and as a child I enjoyed listening to them. One of my aunts was the ballet teacher in the village and from the age of four I was in her dancing classes. It was normal in my family to sing and play. My father had a unplayful voice and was a soloist in the church choir when he was young he played the clarinet and was a folkdance Vol. 109, No. 3, January/February 2008 5 teacher during scouting activities.I guess my days were filled with (live) music, not in courses but just all day long. Van Gestel shared a record of family influence In my bollix up dairy, when I was 8 months old, my mother wrote Today she clapped her hold. She probably learned that from her grandmother When you sing Clap your hands she reacts immediately. One year old When we sing Oh my daddy (a popular song in the sixties) she sings along, daddy, daddy. In South Africa, apartheid led to decisions about schooling for Caroline Van Niekerk (pers. omm. ) that indirectly influenced her musical education by removing her from the direct influences of the national educational system of that time. She also spoke of a contemporary situation in which engagement governmental policies was necessary and of the strength we have to overcome questionable decisions I had a desperate call just yesterday from someone with a story of how their education faculty, in training teachers for the Foundation Phase, wants to draw off music as an optional area of specialization for students.We are now all doing everything in our personnel to protest such a prospect loudly. But I have also seen what I regard as a promising development, and similar to the situation I witnessed in California when we lived there, more than twenty years agoas parents of young children realize that the formal education system is not ineluctably going to provide their children with what they believe is important, and especially as regards the arts, including music, they start to take responsibility for those things themselves. ntil I was about age five) could not get my lessons paid for. Had the place still be in that county I would have been authorize to a b ursary to pay for lessons and I would have been able to learn a second instrument. But without that my parents could only afford piano lessons. I am still sad about this, which was simply a number of geography and the local control of resources. Child and Music The same issues featured authors raised are unvarnished in the additional professionals responses the lack of resources and teachers. Gary McPherson (pers. comm. links personal memories with policies, of which he sees little change, from his Australian childhood I have a vague memory of singing in a school choir that was led by a general classroom teacher when I was about six or seven, but the class was nothing special so it had no impact on my subsequent musical development. . . . I went plump for some years ago and had a look at the way music was described in the school curriculum (particularly primary school curriculum). There were all sorts of aids and resources for general primary teachers to use but music wasnt typi cally taught well in schools.To be honest, Im not sure the status of music in the curriculum is any different. Downloaded by Macquarie University at 1458 28 March 2013 These testimonies to strong and positive adult influence suggest that family education is important, as Leu and others advocate in this symposium, with the caveat that the experiences described are with adults perceived as musicians. This suggests we need to exercise caution in defining people in terms of limited musicality and that music education of our children means their children will be better educated.It is interesting that teachers were remembered for the affective qualities they conveyed and through a curricular stance that was relevant to the child. Child and World The relationships among local, state, and global influences are also reflected in these personal accounts. Many of these music professionals took private music lessons and considered their experiences to be nonpolicy driven. Oliveira (pers. comm. ) mentioned the involvement of musicians in music education policyspecifically, the Canto Orfeonico policy under the leadership of composer Villa-Lobos.She recalls that this policy influenced her school education, which included stem singing and elementary level music theory. As already discussed, group singing is a common vehicle for politicization. Like Gluschonkofs report of Israeli songs contributing to nation-building, Boyce Tillman (pers. comm. ) noted that At age seven I went to a school where we had massed singing in the Hall when we sang British folksongs, many of which I still know by heart. We had a book called the New National strain book, which was a deliberate attempt after the war to restore a sense of nationhood.This was used passim my school career. 6 Arts Education Policy Review Welch wrote of intersecting influences of church and state I discovered later that the London County Council was very supportive of music in schools generally, although my local experi ences as a child were as much to do with the link to the Church and the established ethos of including singing as a natural part of the school day. Ana Lucia Frega (pers. comm. ) describes a similar situation in her native Argentina. Early childhood music courses were not always taught by a specialist . . . his means that some problems arose some of the K-general teachers choose materials that do not really fit the appropriate children range of voices, and which tend to create vocal difficulties. He notes the longevity of such a workable match On returning to the school many years later for my first teaching post, I discovered that the schools policy toward music had continued, with the same range of events and activities in place. In the previous issue, Young discussed the unprecedented commission England has made to the artsspecifically music, a commitment Welch reiterates.Boyce Tillman recalls a time when the resources from the national government were in local hands, resulting in inequitable opportunity At age seven I started piano lessons but because the place we lived in was then in Southampton and not in the County of Hampshire (to which we are very close and in which we had been Although our policymaking systems move slowly, and are not always moving in the direction we would like, there is hope in the growing numbers of people who care about music education. Oliviera writes at least we can feel the difference between my generation and todays generation. maybe our aim is to prepare children who grow up to be like von Gestel, with the same rich resources at hand for creating meaningful experiences Music (and especially making and teaching music) was and is a part of my everyday life, and really I cant imagine a life without singing together and making music. It makes my life worth living. References Bjorkvold, J. R. 1992. The muse within Creativity and communication, song and play from childhood through maturity. Trans. W. H. Halverson, New York Harp erCollins. Campbell, P. S. 2007. Musical meaning in childrens cultures. In International handbook of research in arts education, ed.L. Bresler, 88194. Dorderecht, The Netherlands Springer. Dissanayake, E. 2000. Art and intimacy. Seattle University of working capital Press. Littleton, D. 1998. Music learning and childs play. General Music Today 12 (1) 815. Marsh, K. 1995. Childrens singing games Composition in the playground? Research Studies in Music Education 4211. Moorhead, G. E. , and D. Pond. 1941. Music of young children. 1 Chant. Santa Barbara, CA Pillsbury Foundation for the Advancement of Music Education. Papousek, H. 1996. Musicality in infancy research Biological and cultural origins of early musicality.In Musical beginnings Origins and development of musical competence, ed. I. Deliege and J. Sloboda, 3755. Oxford, England Oxford University Press. Smith, D. C. 1991. Foundations of modern Chinese education. In The Confucian continuum, ed. D. C. Smith, 164. New York Praege r. Trevarthen, C. 1999. Musicality and the intrinsic motive pulse Evidence from psychobiology and valet communication. Musicae Scientiae (Special Issue Rhythm, Musical Narrative, and Origins of Human Communication), 155211. Lori A. Custodero is an associate professor and program coordinator of the MusicDownloaded by Macquarie University at 1458 28 March 2013 and Music Education program at Teachers College, Columbia University, where she has established an early childhood music concentration that integrates pedagogy and research through both theory and practice. She served on the International Society for Music Educations Commission for Early Childhood for six years and is involved in research and teaching projects in a variety of countries. Lily Chen-Hafteck is an associate professor of music education and assistant chair of the Music Department at Kean University, New Jersey.Originally from Hong Kong, she has held teaching and research positions at the University of capital of Sou th Africa in South Africa, the University of Surrey Roehampton in England, and Hong Kong Baptist University. She serves on the editorial board of the International diary of Music Education, Asia-Pacific Journal for Arts Education and Music Education Research International. She is the chair of the International Society for Music Education Young Professionals Focus Group. Vol. 109, No. 3, January/February 2008 7 Downloaded by Macquarie University at 1458 28 March 2013 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Difficulty paper

Difficulty Paper Near copper In many another(prenominal) respects, Near Taurus was a mystery text that perplexed my thought sue as I read this masterpiece. For me, as an average reader, I found this piece to be a very(prenominal) difficult to learn so much so that I can say this is one of the most difficult works I have ever read. The grammar, the stylistic phrase, the lack of information make the tale that much harder to compreh leftover. However as I read this text multiple times to understand what is being conveyed, I am still grasping new information by reading in a different perspective.Here is what I came to understand of this story. Lets take a look at the very prototypical line of this piece, After the rains had come and gone we went down the reservoir (13). This first line gives us an mark that this is an outside scenery and is beautifully introduced to us readers. The author Jumps straight into the scene and it do me contemplate as to where this setting could be at. I then looked back at the title and it hit me that this was outdoors, maybe on a mountain and the characters where looking to the stars. Taurus, one of the constellations of the zodiac, is the main topic of this story. There are both people who are looking to the sky and are looking for the Taurus, but see other ones worry Orion (13). The Taurus is usually seen in the winter season and is established when the boy says the body wont order until the winter (13). Nevertheless, tied(p) though the story was very short, it has still a lot that is uncovered and many passages that left me discombobulated.Initially, the narrator starts to introduce the characters in this piece, stating Our voices were highhis, mine soft, bright (13). Then, like it was a drear habit, drops the characters description and traits. Why? Is it not important for us readers to grasp who and what the characters are like? Even during the end of the text, the narrator states about the boy in the story, l could tell you his name. I could and would not (13).Perhaps, it is done this instruction because it leads us readers to look for the surroundings and the setting of the story to make our own interpretations. During the end of this story, the narrator later talking about an incident with the boy, who was most likely teenage lovers with the narrator at the time, Jumps to the future and says He died, that boy. Light- geezerhood Ages and ages. And here I am a mother, witness, a raiser of a boy (13). The style and grammar and even the script preference in this line was very intriguing and confused me.When the narrator utter light years and then ages and ages was interesting because she Just mentioned that the boy passed away. I felt that she still had some feeling towards this person, and it even made believe that the boys was the father of the boy she mentioned in that line. I was also confused at when she said she was a witness. What was she referring too? Was it the Taurus or did she witness love? Love because I believe this story is a love story because of the word choices of the narrator and scenery depicted in this story.Nonetheless this word choice chosen by the narrator I believe is fascinating but can confuse us average readers. Unlike many books that I nave read over the years, I believe this piece was very difficult and interesting at the same time. Even though the was less than a page, less than ccc words, I believe it said so much without saying much, which is unbelievable The word play, the stylistic language and the lack of information was the primary ause of the difficult understanding of the text when reading it the first couple of times.However as I continued to break this seemingly unbreakable text, I started to look at it in a different perspective. I then understood as to what this piece meant, and the title played a heavy(p) role. Furthermore, the way the author chose not to introduce any real information about the characters and left us, th e readers, to insure as to what we understand about the scene and setting is fascinating to me. This piece unbolted my mind and made me become a better reader I believe.

Catcher in the Rye Song Project

Under the Bridge Red Hot Chili Peppers Analysis In this poesy, the lead vocaliser, Anthony Kiedis, is describing how aft(prenominal) a drug addiction he moved to a different city to start a new life. This relates to Holden in Catcher in the Rye beca utilize after he was kicked out of school he had a hard decision to make. He either could go to his home forrader his pargonnts knew about(predicate) the expulsion, or he could drop dead away to vernal York. Anthony and Holden both choose to go to the city. Also in the breed and the book, the utterer and Holden turn to drugs as a way to help their lives.Obviously that is the wrong choice, only when anyways Holden, although down the stairsage, drinks as a cerebrates of an anti-depressant. The more depressed I got, and I decided, while I was walking and all, to forgo off and have a drink somewhere (90). This quote shows comely one of a yoke instances where Holden wants to drink because he is depressed or lonely. Anthony Kied is, in force(p) equivalent Holden, turned to hard drugs because he matt-up lonely from his family and friends. Shake Me Down Cage the Elephant Analysis This song is about how the lead singer, matting Shultz, plentifulnesst with the ending of his last family member.He talks about how race usually grief and turn to drugs to help deal with someones loss. The line Ill keep my eyes jamminged on the sun shows how Matt is being optimistic and trying to make his life better from the death. In The Catcher in the Rye, Holdens blood brother Allie dies and Holden has a bold re figureion to his death. I was only thirteen, and they were going to have me psychoanalyzed and all, because I bust all the windows in the garage (38-39). Although Holden has a completely different reaction to a family members death, this song relates to Holden because it shows the different ways that masses deal with a persons death. Use mortal Kings of Leon Analysis Throughout this song, the writer describes a person that is trying to mother psyche to accompany him that has similar personalities. Holden Caulfield throughout the book goes rough meeting new people but closely of the time he is depressed and lonely. Holden relates to the songs character because they both need someone in their lives to fix their problems. The number one thing I did when I got off at Penn Station, I went into this phone booth. I wanted to give somebody a buzzbut when I got inside, I couldnt believe of anybody o call (59). This quote shows how Holden wanted to talk to someone, but anybody he thought of he implant a reason not to call him or her. In the song, the singer repeats the alike(p) phrase You cognize I could use somebody to emphasize the need of a friend. Holden is the same in this case, being he needs someone to help him break his negative attributes. Express Yourself NWA Analysis The main theme in Express Yourself by N. W. A. is to practice what you preach. An important trait to Holden is genuineness and not being a phony, which is wherefore this song relates to him.Many of their other songs such as and Straight Outta Compton and F*** Tha Police were banned from the receiving set even though they did contain a lot of the truth about their lives and some of the corruption and heinousness they faced in their lives. Meanwhile, other artists produced phony music and imitated others. Being straight-up and truthful is something Holden values a lot. Or they kill where the hip-hop starts/Forget about the ghetto, and rap for the pop charts. This line from the song talks about sell-out rappers who make music only when for the money and fame.These kinds of people are phonies. some other quote from the song is, Its screwball to see people be/what society wants them to be, but not me. The meaning of this is that other people around him change to make others happy and to fit in, but he wont. Holden is just like this. His brother D. B. sold-out by moving to Hollywood and b eing a screenwriter. Holden doesnt want to follow the same path. Basket Case Green Day Analysis Green Days singer Billie Joe Armstrong wrote this song while he was in a wretched state of emotional distress.Instead of facing his problems, he would resort to drugs and complaining. This song fits in perfectly with how Holden is handling his problems. After being kicked out of a cloistered school in which his mother paid for, he delays telling her until he can get his emotions under control. He goes to New York City and tries to get drunk to relieve his stress, as Billie Joe Armstrong did with drugs. Am I just paranoid? Or Im just stoned. This song in addition talks about the constant paranoia he faces. Holden also has to deal with being paranoid as he is clearly insecure.It is rare that the reader will find Holden describing somebody positively. He is constantly making shallow judgments about the people he encounters. He says, Im not kidding, some of these very(prenominal) gormle ss girls can rattling knock you out on the dance floor. Before even having a conversation with her, he already comes to the conclusion that she is a stupid girl. This proves his insecurity because he is seeing his imperfections through others and criticizing them for it. Unwell Matchbox Twenty Analysis This song was written from the point in time of view of a depressed person, rather than a crazy person.I looking at that Holden would fall into the stratum of a depressed person rather than a crazy person. He states several times that he really is just lonely. He says,What I really feel like, though, was committing suicide. I matte up like move out the window. This may contribute to his depression. This type of depression that he has doesnt stop him from doing what he wants it just places an ongoing negative mindset, evermore judging people. He says, The worst part was, the jerk had one of those very phony, Ivy League voices, one of those very tired, snobby voices.He sounded j ust like a girl. He didnt hesitate to horn in on my date, the bastard. This shows his rashness towards people he doesnt really know. He is just immediately generalizing the people around him. Seventy Times 7 Brand New Analysis This song relates to Holdens interpretation to a lot of the people he sees. He views everyone like the writer of this song does as shallow, ignorant and mentally weak. The writer says, So, is that what you call a getaway? verbalize me what you got away with. Cause Ive seen more spine in jellyfish.Ive seen more guts in eleven-year-old kids. Hes exposing the subtle weaknesses of man, much like Holden does in his thoughts. These lyrics are the kind of assumptions that Holden would make about people before even talking to them. This song also fits the way Holden lives his life, Back in school they never taught us what we needed to know, like how to deal with despair, or someone breaking your heart. These are some of Holdens biggest problems. His mishap in hi s previous relationships will heavily contribute to his ongoing disparity. Dear Holden Caulfield,Over the age I have known you, I have noticed that your personality has changed for the worse. You have gone from a tremendous brother who I loved hanging out with to a lousy, lonely, and depressed person who I feel separated from. I dont even know who the hell you are anymore Youve stick a damn childish brat even though you are what now 16 years old? One of the things I hate the most is you think that everything is crap. Movies, people, and everything It is all crap You always arraign people of being phony. What exactly is a phony? Have you ever thought of yourself being a phony?Everything you say is a contradiction. In reality, the people you call phony are just average, social people. Using your definition of a phony, your own brother would be a phony because he writes gorge for movies. I almost forgot about your social problems. Now, I cant really ridicule you for this, but you are a lonely person. You dont have any friends and make people sop in your own sorrows. We need to get someone for you that fix that problem Im not worrying about that now though. Your always depressed too damnit. And that makes everyone around you depressed as well.You always have to ruin everybodys good time. Everything would be going well then all of a sudden you come along and screw up everything. I have decided to get a little creative with the situation. I made you a CD and sent it to you up in Pency Prep. It is a compilation of songs that describe you as a person. It is filled with songs that describe how you coped with your brothers death, loneliness, and other qualities you have. The first song I have for you is Basket Case by Green Day. This song describes how someone didnt face their problems and forgot about them. You do the same exact thing.Instead of facing your parents when you get kicked out of Pency, you run away to the city and put away the issue. This song is re lated to the next song in a way, which is Under the Bridge by the Red Hot Chili Peppers. This song describes the singer turning to drugs to fix his problems, just like you turn to alcohol as an anti-depressant. The singer also shows how he ran off to Los Angeles, just like how you ran off to New York, to fix his problems. Another song I picked for you was Unwell by Matchbox Twenty. The singer in this song tells the listeners he is not crazy but instead just epressed. I felt like that related to you because people may think you have some pettishness management issues or something, but youre just extremely depressed and lonely. I also thought that Express Yourself by NWA was an appropriate song for you. This song talks about being true to yourself, and makes fun of people who are fake or phony. Do I have to explain this one? You think everything is phony, I mean seriously, this song is probably your favorite song ever. This next song, Shake Me Down by Cage the Elephant, shows how peo ple deal with someones death.During the song the singer talks about people who cant get over the death, just like you and your mother. You even broke all the windows in the garage because of your anger over your brothers death I mean damn, that is a way you could react I guess. Another song I put on the CD was Use Somebody by Kings of Leon. The singer in this song shows the need of a friend in peoples life. You definitely could use a friend. Maybe they can help get rid of your depression and loneliness. The next song I put on there was Seventy Times 7 by Brand New. The singer relates to you because both of you have the same outlook on people. that they are ignorant, mentally weak, and phony. This song, Whats My Age Again by Blink-182 is the perfect example of you. The song is about a person that acts nothing like his real age. You act like an immature child even though you are 16. The title even describes you. You say people think you are older than you actually are because of your height, but you are only 16 Another song I put on was Prayer of the Refugee by Rise Against. This song describes a refugee that says he is independent and doesnt want help but yet people try to help him.